Python is an object-oriented programming language. What this means is that almost everything is an object. An object in Python is a collection of attributes that collectively describe a "thing". That "thing" can be anything you want: a book, an animal, a movie.
To create an object, we must first define a class.
Creating a Class
Creating a class is simply defining the blueprint that will be used by all subsequent objects. To define a class, use the class keyword, and define the data points inside.
class Person:
name = "Barack Obama"
That's it, we've defined a class, called Person and it contains a property named name which is set to Barack Obama.
Now that we have our class defined, let's create a Barack Obama!
Creating an Object
To create a new object, simply reference the class you want to build the object out of. In this case, we'll use our previously defined Person class.
class Person:
name = "Barack Obama"
person = Person()
print(person.name)
Barack Obama
Awesome, we created a new person and printed out the name by accessing the property directly. This is cool and all, but now let's make our classes useful.
Class Constructor
You can pass in parameters to the object creation process similar to how you can pass in parameters to functions. You do this by defining a constructor for your class that can initialize your new object using parameters that you pass in.
Let's allow the name of the person to be customizable by using the built-in __init__ function.
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
person = Person("Ash Ketchum")
print(person.name)
Ash Ketchum
Since classes are just blueprints for objects, you can also create multiple objects using the same class:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
person1 = Person("Ash Ketchum")
person2 = Person("Brock Harrison")
print(person1.name)
print(person2.name)
Ash Ketchum
Brock Harrison
You can also change an object's property directly:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
person1 = Person("Ash Ketchum")
print(person1.name)
person1.name = "Misty Williams"
print(person1.name)
Ash Ketchum
Misty Williams
The self keyword is used to refer to the current object being created. Hence when the constructor is called (which happens automatically), it is setting the new object's properties using the parameters you passed in.
Object Methods
Strings and numbers aren't the only thing you can define in classes. Objects can also contain functions. Let's create one in our Person class.
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def introduction(self):
print("Hi, my name is " + self.name)
person1 = Person("Ash Ketchum")
person2 = Person("Brock Harrison")
person1.introduction()
person2.introduction()
Hi, my name is Ash Ketchum
Hi, my name is Brock Harrison
