Regular Expressions

Regular expressions are a formatted sequence or pattern of characters that can be used in a search operation. They are written in a specific syntax and then are usually used to search for patterns in other text, or returning whether or not that text has met the pattern.

Python has a built-in module just for this, the re module.

Using Regular Expressions Functions

Here are the functions that the re module offers to us:

• findall: Returns a list with all the matches
• search: Returns a Match object if a match was found
• split: Returns a list of the string split at every match
• sub: Substitutes all the matches with a string

Let's see these all in action.

findall Function

Use the findall() function when you want to find all the matches you have described:

PYTHON
import re

example = "I pledge allegiance."

results = re.findall("le", example)
print(results)

BASH
['le', 'le']

Python found le twice. If nothing was found, the list returned will be empty. You can take the length of this list to the number of results found.

search Function

The search() function searches the string for a match. It returns back a re.Match object.

PYTHON
import re

example = "I pledge allegiance."

results = re.search("le", example)
print(results)

BASH
<re.Match object; span=(18, 20), match='le'>

Using this re.Match object, you can get the index of the first match, like this:

PYTHON
import re

example = "I pledge allegiance."

results = re.search("le", example)
print(results.start())

BASH
3

split Function

The split() function returns the string split at every match.

PYTHON
import re

example = "I pledge allegiance."

results = re.split("le", example)
print(results)

BASH
['I p', 'dge al', 'giance.']

Pretty straightforward, it cuts out all the string passed in when matched, and splits the string at that point.

sub Function

The sub() function substitutes a match with a string of your choice:

PYTHON
import re

example = "I pledge allegiance."

results = re.sub("le", "ABC", example)
print(results)

BASH
I pABCdge alABCgiance.

Special Sequences

In addition to string literals, you can use special sequences in your regular expressions to make them more powerful.

Here is a list of the special sequences you can use:

• .: Matches any character
• \w: Matches an alphanumeric character (includes underscores)
• \W: Matches a non-alphanumeric character (excludes underscores)
• \b: Space between word and non-word characters
• \s: Matches a single whitespace character
• \S: Matches a non-whitespace character
• \t: Matches a tab
• \n: Matches a newline
• \r: Matches a return
• \d: Matches a numeric character
• \^: Matches the start of a string
• \$: Matches the end of a string

Resources

• Python Docs - Regular Expressions

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